Association between serum vitamin D3 status and essential hypertension: a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20203612Keywords:
Hypertension, Renin angiotensin aldosterone system, Sunlight exposure, Vitamin DAbstract
The fat-soluble vitamin D is synthesized when the ultraviolet rays strike the surface of skin. The relationship between cardiovascular disease mainly arterial hypertension with low vitamin D levels is supported by literature. It has been observed that arterial hypertension has been associated with low levels of vitamin D. Obesity and reduced sunlight exposure are factors associated with lower serum vitamin D levels. Isolated systolic hypertension has been associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Protective mechanism implicated in lowering the blood pressure is the suppression of renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway with optimal vitamin D levels. But randomised controlled trials are necessary to clarify whether vitamin D supplementation is beneficial in the control of blood pressure; as the results of many studies do not consistently favor the association of low vitamin D levels with hypertension.Metrics
References
Cohen JD. Hypertension epidemiology and economic burden: refining risk assessment to lower costs. Manag Care Langhorne Pa. 2009;18(10):51-8.
Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(3):353-73.
Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(6):726-76.
Pilz S, März W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3927-35.
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-30.
Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF. Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(4):644-9.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-72.
Tamez H, Kalim S, Thadhani RI. Does vitamin D modulate blood pressure? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(2):204-9.
Thomas GN, Hartaigh B, Bosch JA, Pilz S, Loerbroks A, Kleber ME, et al. Vitamin D levels predict all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(5):1158-64.
Anand V, John PF. Vitamin D and hypertension. Hypertension. 2010;56(5):774-9.
Lupton JR, Faridi KF, Martin SS, Sharma S, Kulkarni K, Jones SR, et al. Deficient serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile: the very large database of lipids (VLDL-3) study. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(1):72-81.e1.
Tare M, Emmett SJ, Coleman HA, Skordilis C, Eyles DW, Morley R, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with impaired vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function and hypertension in young rats. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 19):4777-86.
Wong MSK, Delansorne R, Man RYK, Svenningsen P, Vanhoutte PM. Chronic treatment with vitamin D lowers arterial blood pressure and reduces endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299(4):H1226-34.
Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Versari D, Salvetti A. Endothelium, aging, and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006;8(1):84-9.
Campbell JR, Auinger P. The association between blood lead levels and osteoporosis among adults-results from the third National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(7):1018-22.
Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the third National health and nutrition examination survey. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1159-65.
Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third National health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(7):713-9.
Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2007;49(5):1063-9.
Lind L, Lithell H, Skarfors E, Wide L, Ljunghall S. Reduction of blood pressure by treatment with alphacalcidol. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223(3):211-7.
Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009;27(10):1948-54.
Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D, et al. The vitamin D and omegA-3 trial (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33(1):159-71.
Wu H, Xiong X, Zhu M, Wei J, Zhuo K, Cheng D. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the outcomes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18(1):108.
Cipriani C, Romagnoli E, Pepe J, Russo S, Carlucci L, Piemonte S, et al. Long-term bioavailability after a single oral or intramuscular administration of 600,000 IU of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol: implications for treatment and prophylaxis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(7):2709-15.
McGreevy C, Barry M, Davenport C, Byrne B, Donaghy C, Collier G, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on arterial stiffness in an elderly community-based population. J Am Soc Hypertens JASH. 2015;9(3):176-83.
Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Steur M. Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(3):205-21.
Sluyter JD, Camargo CA, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, et al. Effect of monthly, high-dose, long-term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: a randomized controlled trial sub study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):1.
Scragg R, Waayer D, Stewart AW, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Murphy J, et al. The vitamin D assessment (ViDA) study: design of a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory infection, falls and non-vertebral fractures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:318-25.