A study on cognitive profile in parkinsons disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20251079Keywords:
Cognitive impairment, Dementia, Neuropsychological assessment, Parkinson's diseaseAbstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by α-synuclein accumulation, leading to motor and non-motor complications. Cognitive decline in PD ranges from mild cognitive impairment to Parkinson’s disease-related dementia. This study aimed to examine the cognitive profile and identify the subclinical range of cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 85 patients with Parkinson’s disease at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, between October 2022 and January 2025. Standardized neuropsychological tests, including the MMSE, ACE-R, MoCA and FAB, were used for cognitive assessment. Demographic and clinical data were collected through interviews and medical records and cognitive function was assessed at baseline.
Results: Most patients were male, 66 (77.6%) and 23 (27.1%) patients were aged 71-75 years. Parkinson’s disease duration was <5 years in 38 (44.7%) patients. Hypertension and diabetes were present in 64 (75.3%) and 39 (45.9%) patients, respectively. The most common Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2.5 in 17 (20.0%) patients, followed by stage 1 in 15 (17.6%) and stage 3 in 13 (15.3%) patients. MMSE scores showed mild cognitive impairment in 45 (52.9%) patients, moderate in 27 (31.8%) and severe in 13 (15.3%). MoCA scores indicated severe impairment in 26 (30.6%) patients, moderate impairment in 23 (27.1%), mild impairment in 21 (24.7%) and normal cognition in 15 (17.6%).
Conclusions: The demographic profile showed a predominance of older adults. Comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common and complicate PD management.
Metrics
References
Zaman V, Rasool M, Naeem S, Rashid F, Anwar P. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson’s progression. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36:815–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00689-5
Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh- Sørensen P. Risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurol. 2001;56:730–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.6.730
Leroi I, McDonald K, Pantula H, Harbishettar V. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: impact on quality of life, disability and caregiver burden. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2012;25:208–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988712464823
Vossius C, Larsen JP, Janvin C, Aarsland D. The economic impact of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:1541–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23661
Chandler J, Lin X, Hankey K, Fard D, DeJesus A, Xu J. Characteristics of Parkinson’s disease in patients with and without cognitive impairment. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11:1123–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-202190
Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, et al. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:844–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001
Litvan I, Goldman JG, Tröster AI, Schmand BA, Weintraub D, Petersen RC, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Mov Disord. 2012;27:349–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24893
Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, Burn DJ, Duyckaerts C, Mizuno Y, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1689–707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21507
Goetz CG, Emre M, Dubois B. Parkinson’s disease dementia: definitions, guidelines and research perspectives in diagnosis. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:92–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21455
Harvey PD. Domains of cognition and their assessment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2019;21:227–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/pharvey
McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurol. 2017; 89:88–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058
McKeith IG, Ferman TJ, Thomas AJ, Blanc F, Boeve BF, Fujishiro H, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2020; 94:743–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009323
Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1591–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26424
Goldman JG, Weintraub D. Advances in the treatment of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1471–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26352
Seppi K, Chaudhuri KR, Coelho M, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Perez Lloret S, et al. Update on treatments for non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease-an evidence-based medicine review. Mov Disord. 2019;34(2):180–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27602
Das K, Ghosh M, Nag C, Nandy SP, Banerjee M, Datta M, et al. Role of familial, environmental and occupational factors in the development of Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2011;8:345–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000323797
Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Boyle PA, Wilson RS. Overview and findings from the rush Memory and Aging Project. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9:646–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/156720512801322663
Kenborg L, Lassen CF, Hansen J, Olsen JH. Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders among welders: a Danish cohort study: Welding and Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1283–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25125
Ilkhan G, Celi̇khi̇sar H, Kilavuz A. The evaluation of sleep quality, anxiety disorder and depression in older adults with Parkinson disease. J Health Sci Med. 2021;4:147–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.848699
King LA, Priest KC, Nutt J, Chen Y, Chen Z, Melnick M, et al. Comorbidity and functional mobility in persons with Parkinson disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:2152–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.396
Sagna A, Gallo JJ, Pontone GM. Systematic review of factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders among older adults with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:708-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.020
Jung H, Lee HY, Yoo S, Hwang H, Baek H. Effectiveness of the use of standardized vocabularies on epilepsy patient cohort generation. Healthc Inform Res. 2022;28:240–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2022.28.3.240
Zaghloul MS, Boutrus R, El-Hossieny H, Kader YA, El-Attar I, Nazmy M. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15:382–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-010-0074-5
Ray NJ, Bradburn S, Murgatroyd C, Toseeb U, Mir P, Kountouriotis GK, et al. In vivo cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2018;141:165–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx310
Litvan I, Aarsland D, Adler CH, Goldman JG, Kulisevsky J, Mollenhauer B, et al. MDS Task Force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: critical review of PD-MCI. Mov Disord. 2011;26:1814–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23823
Kandiah N, Zhang A, Cenina AR, Au WL, Nadkarni N, Tan LC. Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the screening and prediction of cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1145–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.08.002
Ling CH, Cuiyu YU, Xiaosu FU, Weiguo LI, Ping HU, Zhang N, et al. Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale to screen for dementia in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25:492.
Kumar N, Gupta G. Screening of cognitive impairment in early Parkinson’s disease using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). J Neurol Sci. 2019;405:27–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.262
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
