Ineffective red blood cell transfusion in a case of macrocytic normochromic anemia: what is the cause?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20254142Keywords:
Ineffective transfusion, Anemia management, Gastrointestinal bleedingAbstract
Blood transfusion is an essential medical procedure used to replace blood loss due to bleeding or to increase red blood cell count in patients with certain conditions such as anemia. The effectiveness of a transfusion is generally assessed by an increase in hemoglobin levels 1 g/dl each packed of red blood cell and clinical improvement following transfusion. Transfusions are typically administered when hemoglobin levels fall below 7 g/dl in stable patients, or below 8 g/dl in those with cardiovascular disease. Ineffectivenes of tranfusion may be caused by many factors, the common cause that the anemia may be associated with hemolysis. However, not all such cases are attributable to hemolytic anemia hemolytic. That can be caused by active bleeding, poor blood component quality, massive transfusion, underlying clinical conditions such as hypersplenism and chronic kidney disease can also cause transfusion failure. We explore the possible causes that may affect the effectiveness of blood transfusion.
References
Hussien RS, Jabuk SIA, Altaee ZM, Almaamori AM. Review of anemia: types and causes. Eur J Res Dev Sustain. 2023;4(7):1-3.
Arango-Granados MC, Umaña M, Sánchez ÁI, García AF, Granados M, Ospina-Tascón GA. Impact of red blood cell transfusion on oxygen transport and metabolism in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2021;33(1):154-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20210017
Bhardwaj N, Kohli S, Saxena AK. Massive transfusion and massive transfusion protocol. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):590-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.144662
Beal AL, Pandya A. Massive blood transfusion. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539871/. Accessed on 30 September 2025.
Carson JL, Grossman BJ, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Marques MB, Fung MK, et al. Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB*. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(1):49-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201206190-00429
Hess JR. Red cell storage. J Proteomics. 2010;73(3):368‐73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2009.11.005
Hong H, Duque MA, Abdulaziz F, Mana Al, Wu Y. Noninfectious transfusion-associated adverse events: clinical perspectives and mitigation strategies. Ann Blood. 2022;7:19-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-21-83
Jennings L, Watson S. Massive Transfusion. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499929/. Accessed on 30 September 2025.
Lotterman S, Sharma S. Blood Transfusion. 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books /NBK499824/. Accessed on 30 September 2025.
Pandey RK, Raza M, Jahan N, Gaur P, Bharti R, Saraf S, et al. Transfusion related complications: A review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(4):1214-20.
Rout P, Harewood J, Ramsey A, Master SR. Hemolytic transfusion reaction. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2020. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books /NBK448158/. Accessed on 30 September 2025.
Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. 2023. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025. Available at: https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/. Accessed on 30 September 2025.
Yaddanapudi S, Yaddanapudi L. Indications for blood and blood product transfusion. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):538-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.144648
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
